this study took an epidemiological approach toward the problem of drug addiction in tehran. the subjects were 300 addicts chosen on the basis of stratified random selection out of the population of 3627 prisoners who were all proven addicts and sentenced to imprisonment by the court in the year 1370. a descriptive survey showed that drug addiction generally, and heroin addiction specifically, i...

introduction: previous studies have suggested that plants avena sativa, hypericum perforatum, passiflora incarnata and lavandula officinalis can affect nervous system and reduce neural excitability and pain. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a mixture of these four plant’s alcoholic extract on morphine withdrawal symptoms. methods: experiments were performed on four animal gro...

1) chronic administration of morphine hydrochloride in the drinking water of mice induced physical dependence. jumping and diarrhea, two signs of withdrawal, were produced by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of naloxone. 2) baclofen, bicuculline and picrotoxin decreased the number of mice's jumping episodes and frequency of diarrhea. 3) muscimol decreased jumping but not diarrhea. 4) the data ind...

Introduction: Recently, it has been demonstrated that olive leaf extract and its main component have calcium channel blocker, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. However, the effects of olive leaf extract on opioid dependence have not yet been clarified. Methods: To develop morphine dependence, morphine was injected twice daily for 7 days according to an escalating dose in rats...

background: chronic use of opioids usually results in physical dependence. the underlying mechanisms for this dependence are still being evaluated. transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (trpv1) are important receptors of pain perception. their role during opioid dependence has not been studied well. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of morphine-dependence on the expressio...

long-term exposure to opiates induces physical dependence and tolerance. the main goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of dextromethorphan and midazolam and their combination on morphine tolerance and dependence in mice. different groups of mice were rendered randomly and received morphine (50 mg/kg, sc), morphine (50 mg/kg, sc) + dextromethorphan (25,50 or 75 mg/kg, ip), morphine (50...